subjective time

Sleepiness in professional drivers: Effect of age and time of day [An article from: Accident Analysis and Prevention]
$5.95
This digital document is a journal article from Accident Analysis and Prevention, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The effect of age and time of day on objective and subjective sleepiness in professional drivers was investigated during a simulated driving task. Thirty-six young and middle-aged professional males drivers, free from any sleep disorder, took part in two simulated driving sessions; one carried out in the afternoon (between 2 and 4 p.m.) the other in the evening (between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m.). Half of each age group drove in a low traffic condition while the second half drove in a heavy traffic condition. Throughout the driving task, subjects' electroencephalogram and Karolinska sleepiness scale (KSS) scores were recorded. Visual analog scales measuring alertness and sleepiness levels were also completed before and after the driving. After each session, subjects filled out the NASA-TLX questionnaire and were asked if they had felt sleepy during the driving. Young professional drivers presented a significant decrease in alertness (raise of the spectral power in the @a band) in the low traffic condition and a strong propensity to sleep during the evening test in contrast to middle-aged professional drivers.

Evidence on preferences and subjective beliefs of risk takers: The case of smokers [An article from: International Journal of Industrial Organization]
$10.95
This digital document is a journal article from International Journal of Industrial Organization, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
One reason that cigarette consumption is highly regulated is because of the paternalistic view that smokers would not make rational choices even if fully informed about the risks. A deficiency of this view is that in the presence of preference heterogeneity regulating smoking may lead to smokers finding ways to circumvent the regulations. Though there is widespread recognition that preference heterogeneity may exist there is very little documentation of it. In this study, we provide empirical evidence on the relationship between smoking status, and time and risk preference, valuation of health, and subjective beliefs about future macroeconomic events, using panel data from the Health and Retirement Study. We find that smokers are more impatient than nonsmokers and are more pessimistic about future macroeconomic events, which may reinforce their present orientation. Smokers are also more risk tolerant. This suggests that smokers may more willingly bear risk, and trade off current utility against future costs of smoking. However, they do not value being in excellent health differently from others. Our results also suggest that being more present-oriented and risk tolerant is not caused by smoking, but represents innate characteristics. An implication of our results for product regulation is that restricting access to cigarettes is likely to be circumvented by smokers through other means. In particular, our results are consistent with the finding that smokers in states with higher taxes smoke longer cigarettes that are also higher in nicotine and tar content.

Evidence on preferences and subjective beliefs of risk takers: The case of smokers
$10.95

Action, arousal, and subjective time [An article from: Consciousness and Cognition]
$5.95
This digital document is a journal article from Consciousness and Cognition, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Saccadic chronostasis refers to the subjective temporal lengthening of the first visual stimulus perceived after an eye movement. It has been quantified using a duration discrimination task. Most models of human duration discrimination hypothesise an internal clock. These models could explain chronostasis as a transient increase in internal clock speed due to arousal following a saccade, leading to temporal overestimation. Two experiments are described which addressed this hypothesis by parametrically varying the duration of the stimuli that are being judged. Changes in internal clock speed predict chronostasis effects proportional to stimulus duration. No evidence for proportionality was found. Two further experiments assessed the appropriateness of the control conditions employed. Results indicated that the chronostasis effect is constant across a wide range of stimulus durations and does not reflect the pattern of visual stimulation experienced during a saccade, suggesting that arousal is not critical. Instead, alternative processes, such as one affecting the onset of timing (i.e., the time of internal clock switch closure) are implicated. Further research is required to select between these alternatives.